Forum Transcripts

The Stereotype: Can It Be Useful? 6/22/04

Event start time:

Tue Jun 22 12:01:09 2004

Event end time:

Tue Jun 22 13:35:15 2004



Legend:
Questions from the Audience are presented in red.
Answers by the Speaker are in black.
The Moderator's comments are in blue.

mary rosenblum

Hello, all!

mary rosenblum

Welcome to our Tuesday Forum, with me, your Web Editor, Mary Rosenblum...aka Mary Freeman in mystery.

mary rosenblum

. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

mary rosenblum

I apologize for the lack of reminders last week.

mary rosenblum

We went through a major security overhaul to prevent hackers from using our serve list to send spam...

mary rosenblum

or viruses! And because of that, I couldn't use the serve list.

mary rosenblum

If any of you suddenly realize that you are no longer getting updates from me, you may have to resubscribe to the updates.

ducky

Does LRWG have any plans to go to more of a web (con't..)

ducky

(con't) application for processing assignments, etc?

mary rosenblum

Ducky, I"m not sure exactly what you mean. Right now I am receving and sending student assignments via email...for those who choose.

mary rosenblum

But a number of instructors are less enthusiastic about the new process, so they are taking longer to make the switch.

ducky

So it depends on the instructor??

mary rosenblum

Yes, it does. You'll have to ask student services to find out if your instructor offers email submission or not.

deb1234

That option hasn't been offered to me anyway. If we could do that it would cut the turn around time on assignments tremendously

mary rosenblum

Oh it does cut the turnaround by a huge amount! You should ask.

mary rosenblum

Your instructor may not have mentioned it to you.

ducky

And also increase the **pressure** on instructors, right?

mary rosenblum

Not a bad idea. :-) Instructors have their regular habits for working on student ms. Switching horses in midstream is a disrution. :-) Me, I live online anyway, so it was no big deal...

roe

Mary how can we use stereo types to our advantage, like the donut eating cop hasn't that been vastly overdone

mary rosenblum

Yes, let's get to this topic! :-)

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

mary rosenblum

We're talking about stereotypes today. The topic came up in one of our open chat.

mary rosenblum

Since I see a lot of new faces in the audience today, :-) let me take one second to remind some of you newer folk...

mary rosenblum

that we have open chats here most weekday mornings at this time. It's casual, I'm usually there if you have questions, and it's a lot of fun.

mary rosenblum

Great place to bring a stuck story or assignment for some excellent input.

mary rosenblum

And it's just fun to talk writing with other writers.

mary rosenblum

Sundays, too, at 5 PM pacific, 6 MT, 7 Central, and 8 east coast

mary rosenblum

Okay, the question was how can we use stereotypes to our advantage in writing.

mary rosenblum

Let's define a stereotype first...it's the sort of 'larger than life' over simplification of a character.

mary rosenblum

The donut eating, overweight cop.

mary rosenblum

The redneck sheriff.

mary rosenblum

The hooker with the heart of gold.

mary rosenblum

Generally, it's like setting a cardboard cutout on stage.

mary rosenblum

There is nothing behind that thin and colorful veneer. So who really cares?

mary rosenblum

Stereotype characters are like canned goods in the pantry, when you're writing.

mary rosenblum

Come home late and no time to cook...grab a can of chili.

mary rosenblum

Or a can of soup. You know what's behind that 'tomato' label, there are no surprises..

mary rosenblum

and it's not nearly as good as something made well and fresh. But it's easy and fast.

mary rosenblum

And that's the danger of stereotypes in our fiction or creative nonfiction...they are easy and fast.

mary rosenblum

Just grab one canned character from the pantry shelf, toss it into the pot and what do you have?

mary rosenblum

Canned soup. :-)

mary rosenblum

So should we never use them ever ever ever?

mary rosenblum

Well, yes and no.

roe

So how do we go about changing that

mary rosenblum

There are several ways to actually use stereotypes.

mary rosenblum

Remember that stereotypes make it easy for a lazy reader, too. Donut eating cop. Check. Don't have to think much about him...we know just who he is, right?

mary rosenblum

Same with redneck sheriff.

mary rosenblum

Want to wake up your reader?

mary rosenblum

Take your redneck sheriff stereotype and send him off to the old folks home to help the residents in his off hours...black and white both. But on the job he's operating with his full set of prejudices.

mary rosenblum

The reader gets a mild case of whiplash. Wait a minute here! I KNEW this guy!

mary rosenblum

You have, in effect, said 'fooled you' to the reader, and boy will you wake a reader up doing that.

mary rosenblum

You have the reader's full attention from now on. Better keep an eye open...I don't know the 'rules' here after all!

mary rosenblum

Now this is a very positive thing to do...it keeps your reader interested and expectant...waiting to see what else isn't according to usual expectations...

mary rosenblum

BUT...you have to do it well. You can't use that cardboard cutout of the redneck and stick a different face on him, leaving the figure cardboard.

mary rosenblum

That's just going to seem totally unlikely and the reader will possibly quit reading.

mary rosenblum

You have to create the REAL three dimensional character but give that sheriff the superficial appearance of the stereotype.

mary rosenblum

That message is...don't judge a book by it's cover, reader, or a character by his or her superficial appearance.

mary rosenblum

Good point to make to people in general. :-)

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

ducky

I use stereotypical *traits* to build minor characters. ??

ducky

Anyone else do that?

mary rosenblum

Lots of people do, sometimes to good effect, but more often not, ducky. Be careful here.

mary rosenblum

If your minor characters are unique, they are real people even if they only walk on in a single scene.

mary rosenblum

The young soldier has little reality as a character.

mary rosenblum

The kid from Louisiana who hides bubble gum under his battle helmet is a real person.

mary rosenblum

Even if you do no more than describe that young soldier as 'the kid from Louisiana' and let us figure out he's a soldier, you've increased his reality to the reader.

mary rosenblum

The danger of using the really usual characteristics ...like our donut cop...is the danger that the reader will use that as a shorthand..

mary rosenblum

to create a cardboard character.

tkat_2

Sounds a lot like the Stepford movies of the perfect wife and child.

mary rosenblum

The stereotypes? Yeah, and that was sort of what Stepford Wifes was about, as I recall. WIth a dark twist.

ducky

Isn't it about what the char.s DO instead of what they ARE?

mary rosenblum

Yes, and there's the problem. If you throw us a can of 'redneck sheriff' then we sure expect him to act like one.

mary rosenblum

And if you make him act different, but haven't evolved him as a real character..

mary rosenblum

we don't say, 'oh, I guess he's not a redneck', we say 'he wouldn't do that' and think your characterization is poor.

mary rosenblum

So he has to act like something other than the stereotype from the beginning.

mary rosenblum

Once a reader has established a character in his or her mind, it is VERY hard to change that reader's perception.

mary rosenblum

First impressions matter more in writing than they do in dating!

dellexis

so what you're saying is take the sterotype out of his element, correct?

mary rosenblum

Sort of...you simply make him behave like a real person and not a TV sitcom character. :-)

roe

so we throw another side to his personality?

mary rosenblum

Yes. Remember that the reader instantly 'gets' that cardboard mask. You had better quickly turn this guy around so the reader sees the 3-D person behind that mask!

mary rosenblum

If you don't do it right away, you'll have a mask as a character and you will have a VERY hard time convincing the reader that there is a person behind that mask!

mary rosenblum

That is why your first introduction of a character who has stereotypical attributes is critical.

bravo6

I have my main protagonist, in one situation, have to act like a good ole Southern boy. They sterotypical kind. Slow talker, rally thick accent, th'kind ya jest wanna take out back, thar, and shoot with yer 40 ought. And this was how I had him talking. :-)

bravo6

But once the scene was over, he went back talking "normal"

mary rosenblum

You could do that. I'ts an effective use of stereotype and one I've seen before...

mary rosenblum

the main character acts like some sort of stereotype in the opening scene, just to turn around and reveal the true nature he was hiding in the next scene. :-)

mary rosenblum

That's when the reader says, 'uh oh, I don't know the rules here. I'm going to pay attention!;

speckledorf

Do you think the reason we see so many of these stereotype characters is because they are so prevalant in real life? I happened to see 2 of the overweight/donut eating jail cops last night.

mary rosenblum

This is a fun chicken and egg question, speck. The thing is...these cops fit the physical description of our donut stereotype...

mary rosenblum

so do you find it hard not to give them all the attributes of that TV/movie/book stereotype? Kind of dumb, kind of prejudiced, no sense of humor...

mary rosenblum

that sort of thing? But maybe one of 'em is a poet and goes to poetry slams on his night off.

mary rosenblum

Talks like the donut eater if you over hear him, but hey, that's how guys in the department talk and he fits in.

mary rosenblum

It IS how we tend to judge people on a casual encounter. Why do you think our mother's nagged us to dress appropriately?

mary rosenblum

-)

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

mary rosenblum

Where stereotypes are really useful is to create that bit of dissonance as they reveal themselves as real people. It also has the rather nice (I think) effect..

mary rosenblum

of making readers aware of their own instant prejudices. :-) And we ALL have them...of one sort or another.

mary rosenblum

But again, I can't stress too often, that you need to make that real person visible very very quickly when you introduce the 'stereotype' character.

mary rosenblum

Once the reader has decided that he's just a donut eating cop, you run the risk of having the reader blame you for poor characterization if you send him off to a poetry slam later!

sailor

Couldn't we use this to our advantage in a mystery? A character with some, but not all, stererotype characteristics is overlooked as a suspect.

mary rosenblum

Eyup! There you have one of the neatest red herrings in the book. I use it all the time. :-)

roe

can you give us an example of that

mary rosenblum

Which example, roe?

mary rosenblum

The mystery red herring?

roe

oops didn't finish , let's take the donut eating cop and give an example of making him a real person quickly

mary rosenblum

Oh, sure. And then I'll do the mystery one, too. :-)

mary rosenblum

Okay, we have our MC for some reason encountering a couple of beat cops. We have Donut Man and his partner, and Donut Man gets on our MC's case for something acting just as we'd expect.

mary rosenblum

Let's say this is a small town and our MC looks a bit disreputable and is from out of town.

mary rosenblum

We have Donut Man pegged as the small town variety of the Donut Eating Cop...no prob. But then, as Donut Man gets back in the car...

mary rosenblum

the partner says something to MC about his partner doesn't take too kindly to people who look like threats to his town, MC makes a snarly comment about DM's attitude..

mary rosenblum

and the partner tosses off something about how you have to be tough to get up and read poetry in front of a mic in this logging town.

mary rosenblum

MC might not react to the comment, but next encounter with DM is at a cafe where MC has to go to pursue his quarry and indeed...

mary rosenblum

DM is there. They start a prickly sort of friendship there and we see that DM isn't the stereotype at all.

mary rosenblum

The only clue the reader got in that first scene is the partner's comment..

mary rosenblum

but readers...you, I, most of us...are pretty skilled at reading.

mary rosenblum

When we see a clue like that, we put our character evaluation on hold for a bit, figuring the author will give us some more clues soon.

mary rosenblum

That's all you need...a first clue that all is not stereotype, and then more character details later. :-)

mary rosenblum

Now even without that clue, if the cafe scene is our next scene, the reader may be a bit surprised, but will still accept that DM isn't really the cardboard we thought.

mary rosenblum

BUT...if you give us DM twice as stereotype, you are going to seriously jar the reader when he suddenly turns into a nice guy.

mary rosenblum

It's one of those annoyingly subjective fine lines you have to walk all the time in writing...

mary rosenblum

how long can you pretend your MC is a stereotype before you give us a glimpse of his depth?

lochnessmummy

Is it a mistake to show the mc pegging someone else as a stereotype? Is that just a giveaway to the reader that the stereotyped character is about to change?

mary rosenblum

Yes, loch, a clever reader will go 'aha, maybe not', and it also, remember, reveals something about your MC.

mary rosenblum

We learn a lot about characters through their reactions to other characters.

mary rosenblum

In mysteries, those stereotypes are quite useful.

mary rosenblum

Give your bad guy a couple of the attributes of someone we'd normally like and we'll just color that blank space in with the appropriate stereotype.

mary rosenblum

At the end, you reveal that yes, this was a nice, helpful nurse, but she has been helping her patients die for years, whether they wanted it or not.

mary rosenblum

But we saw nurse, sweet, and painted in that blank canvas with our expectations.

mary rosenblum

This is how mystery writers often keep readers from guessing whodunnit ahead of schedule. :-)

mary rosenblum

If you also give an innocent person a couple of attributes that cause us to paint that blank canvas in dark shades, we'll suspect the wrong person. :-)

roe

so in a mystery we let that stereotype stand until the end, we don't even give clues?

mary rosenblum

You need to give a couple of clues, roe, but they can and should be VERY subtle.

mary rosenblum

Tiny little hints, strategically placed in a scene were other things will occupy the reader's attention work best. :-)

roe

how would we give clues about nurse sweet

mary rosenblum

Well, for example, we might have a busy scene where our MC is having a tense moment with a love interest...

mary rosenblum

and meanwhile, sort of in the background, the nurse is taking very good care of an invalid and shaking her head over the woman's protracted suffering.

mary rosenblum

At the end, the reader realizes that she was marking this woman as her next victim, but in the scene our attention is on the sparks flying between MC and love interest.

roe

I have a killer that delivers pizza seems perfectly normal, but always in a hurry, only clue i gave is when he raced past cop and MC, and mumbled "cop" the cop just commented about him always rushing around is this the way to do it?

mary rosenblum

Sure. That could work. IT's the sort of thing you try with a couple of readers, to see if you give enough of a clue so that the reader doesn't feel that the end comes out of nowhwere...

mary rosenblum

but doesn't figure it out ahead of time.

mary rosenblum

More than in any genre, a read by a couple of good readers is really worthwhile in mystery.

mary rosenblum

Find someone who reads mysteries for pleasure and give them the ms.

mary rosenblum

Then ask them to honestly tell you where they guessed the perp and why...if they did.

mary rosenblum

I play this stereotype game a lot. :-)

mary rosenblum

And get dinged by my critquers, too. Usually, I don't give quite enough clues early enough and have to go back and plant some sooner.

mary rosenblum

Once your reader has made up his or her mind about the nature of your character, you're a gonner if it's wrong!

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

mary rosenblum

Stereotypes are worth using, because it is SO easy to mislead readers with them...but be sure to use them on purpose!

dellexis

Mary in my Grizzly Bear story, I want the readers to believe the bear that dragged MC off is a prognast, the twist will be that the bear is protecting him from a killer.

dellexis

can I pull that off reasonably well, with very little clues

mary rosenblum

That sort of misleading scene works very well, and has showed up a LOT in animal fiction...

mary rosenblum

especially dog stories, where the animal seems to behave badly, but turns out to have a good reason for doing so.

mary rosenblum

Sure you can do that, as long as some character eventually makes it clear to the reader what really was going on.

mary rosenblum

Very intelligent bear, dell. :-)

speckledorf

Does using stereotypes work as well in other genres as they do in mystery?

mary rosenblum

Absolutely, speck.

mary rosenblum

Remember that in fiction, all genres, entertainment is a major goal.

mary rosenblum

You may want to make a point, but if your reader isn't entertained, ain't gonna happen.

mary rosenblum

What entertains us?

mary rosenblum

Entertainment is as varied as our individual tastes in fiction, but there are some similarities in what entertains readers.

mary rosenblum

We like that roller coaster ride of increasing tension and sudden release.

mary rosenblum

We like to feel good.

mary rosenblum

Some of us like to be scared.

mary rosenblum

We like to see good people win.

mary rosenblum

We like surprises...they're little birthday presents all wrapped up in pretty paper.

mary rosenblum

Wow, cool, I didn't know he'd do that!

mary rosenblum

And that's where stereotypes excell...

mary rosenblum

We run into the donut eating cop shaking down the MC and write him off. Yawn. No surprise there...

mary rosenblum

But when he's behind the mic at that poetry slam and starts talking to the MC, suddenly we DON"T know who his is...and he's now one of those giftwrapped packages we can enjoy unwrapping.

roe

what if the donut eating cop is thin?

mary rosenblum

Well, then he's just a cop who likes donuts, roe, and we'll see the paralell to the stereotype...

mary rosenblum

and he might even laugh about it, but it won't get the automatic 'he's like this' reaction.

mary rosenblum

If you want a list of stereotypes, spend a week watching sitcoms and make a list... :-)

mary rosenblum

TV sitcoms...the large majority of 'em...depend on character stereotypes as a sort of characterization shorthand.

mary rosenblum

They don't have time to develop character so they drop in the Blonde Airhead, the Balding, Demanding Boss...

mary rosenblum

This is a generalization of course. There ARE good TV shows with real characters out there...

mary rosenblum

but it is a common use of stereotypes, and probably why many new writers use them.

mary rosenblum

That's what they see on TV...

speckledorf

Can we take our characters too far opposite the stereotype? For instance the killer who loves kids, critters, reads poetry at the library to children, volunteers at the old folks home....but just likes to kill bald guys on a full moon?

mary rosenblum

Of course, speck. Remember that a stereotype is a cardboard character...

mary rosenblum

where we instantly assume his/her attributes.

mary rosenblum

But a cardboard character is a cardboard character even if you create that one from whole cloth.

mary rosenblum

It's never enough, remember, to say 'because I said so," when you're creating a character.

mary rosenblum

You can have that killer do all those things, but we have to see enough of him ...behind the mask...that we can believe he's out there cutting off bald heads during the full moon.

pook

my characters are based on real life and I think they are too boring. Is that where plot comes in?

mary rosenblum

Why not make them less boring, pook?

mary rosenblum

Reading the creative nonfiction I do...I like that genre a lot...I will bet you that considerable 'embroidery' has taken place on those 'real' characters, LOL.

mary rosenblum

You can make anyone more interesting without changing them significantly.

mary rosenblum

If they continue to be boring, fire them and find new characters!

mary rosenblum

An exciting plot is not going to fix boring characters, alas.

pook

I don't know how. I am real serious and the point is what matters.

mary rosenblum

You can do it that way. If it doesn't entertain readers, you may not find a lot of people willing to wade through the pages to find your point, though.

mary rosenblum

I make a point in virtually every piece of fiction I write. I love to make little sociological or political points...

mary rosenblum

but I learned VERY quickly that if I didn't hook my reader with the entertainment, they'd duck that point because they dint' really want to lean a 'point' they wanted to be entertained.

mary rosenblum

So I've simply gotten very sneaky about doing both. :-)

mary rosenblum

You can say what you want to say...pretty much anything you want to say...as look as you hook your reader.

mary rosenblum

That's where craft comes in. :-)

pook

I want to. I need technique.

mary rosenblum

Well, that's not hard to acquire.

mary rosenblum

The way to get better forever is to 1. Read. 2. Analyze what you read 3. WRITE 4. WRITE 5. WRITE 6. get feedback -- from a course, workshop, good readers, other writers.

mary rosenblum

steps 7 - 10 are WRITE!

mary rosenblum

That's all there is to it. After about a million words, we start getting good. :-)

mary rosenblum

I still follow all those steps and always will.

mary rosenblum

And I'm a better writer today than I was yesterday and much better than I was 10 years ago.

roe

So if I take the typical stereotyped school marm, turn her into a hooker by night (i know that's way off hehe) drop a few clues in early. I should have an interesting character?

mary rosenblum

Sure. That would give a few parents chills, heheh. All you would need to do...

mary rosenblum

is let us see enough of her personality that we could see how she can do what she does and be the person she is.

mary rosenblum

It has to make sense to us.

lochnessmummy

What about stereotyped objects? e.g: the elevator with the escape hatch in the ceiling. Should these be avoided?

mary rosenblum

Well, I think most elevators actually have those service hatches, loch. :-) But I know what you mean.

mary rosenblum

Yeah, if the resolution to the scene seems too easy...it probably is.

mary rosenblum

Any time you fly in the face of reader expectations, you are offering a 'reader cookie'...surprise in this case.

pook

Mary, you mentioned House of Sand and Fog to us. I found it unbelievable. Comments?

mary rosenblum

I may have mentioned it, pook, but I haven't read it. :-) Can't help you there.

speckledorf

Killer was dumped by his girlfriend for a bald guy on a full moon...obviously he took it hard...

mary rosenblum

Beyond that, this man is clearly not of sound mind. We'd have to get some clues that he is not dealing with the same reality the rest of us are.

mary rosenblum

If you make him seem utterly normal then the girlfriend explanation is not going to wash with us. Nobody we know -- most of us anyway -- has killed 27 people becuase of a bad break up!

mary rosenblum

But if we get some clues that this guy is a paranoid schizophrenic or at least not living in the same universe...we'll believe it.

roe

how about if killer finds out school marm is hooker and gets caught with bald guy night of full moon?

roe

oh school marm was his girlfriend

mary rosenblum

I' m laughing. YOu and speck need to collaborate on this one.

pook

OK so roller coasteres and surprises make interesting and entertaining. What else?

mary rosenblum

Feeling good, pook. Being scared for some people.

mary rosenblum

New information for some readers.

mary rosenblum

justice achieved...

mary rosenblum

there are tons of 'reader cookies' you can use and not every reader likes the same flavors...

mary rosenblum

but if you have enough varieties, everybody gets something they like.

pook

Ted Bundy did. But he wasn't normal. He killed all look alikses to his girlfriend who dumped him.

mary rosenblum

And that's the key. He WASN"T normal

mary rosenblum

Remember that, unlike real life, we and the readers are in a partnership here.

mary rosenblum

The reader says, 'okay, I will suspend disbelief and believe in the real world you will create for me. I'll trust you'.

mary rosenblum

And while we readers want to be surprised, we don't want the writer to cheat!

mary rosenblum

We want to be surprised by the bad guy at the end of the mystery, BUT we want to be able to go back and say, oh, I see the clues now. Okay you got me.

mary rosenblum

You hear a lot of griping from mystery readers if they feel that the writers simply held all the cards and there was no way to figure out whodunnit.

senicynt

I normally don't watch horror/thrillers but recently watched Gothika. That movie was a surprise! It sure wasn't the butler! LOL

mary rosenblum

Haven't heard of it, sen. Good horror, huh?

roe

so the trick is always in the clues subtle but there

mary rosenblum

Yes, roe.

mary rosenblum

Much harder than not having any, believe me!

mary rosenblum

I have a fish pond full of red herrings out back... They eat a lot. :-)

mary rosenblum

Well, this has been a fun 'oregon hour'. :-) Avoid 'canned soup' stereotypes, but don't be afraid to use them to fool the reader into making incorrect assumptions...

mary rosenblum

as long as that works for your story.

dellexis

so as a writer I would play a cat and mouse game with the reader..."see if you get this clue"...something like that

mary rosenblum

Sure. Why else to people read mysteries? It's a contest...can you keep me in the dark all the way to the end or will I guess?

mary rosenblum

And it works in nonmystery, too. :-) I do that a lot in SF and fantasy.

mary rosenblum

YOu can do it in mainstream, too.

mary rosenblum

I'll post the transcript of this session in Writing Craft: Forum Transcripts.

mary rosenblum

And don't forget our speaker on Thursday.

mary rosenblum

Alexis Glyn Latner visited with us before. This time she'll talk about...]

mary rosenblum

making the transition from fiction into nonfiction. She does quite a lot of nonfiction.

mary rosenblum

Have a good week, all!

mary rosenblum

See you on the website!

mary rosenblum

Thanks for coming, all!

 

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